Difference between revisions of "ECM"

Latest revision as of 11:47, 31 October 2011

Inherent ECM verbs

The following verbs are treated as inherent ECM verbs in PPCME/PPCEME:

BID, DO, GAR, HAVE, HEAR, HOT(AN), LET, MAKE, SEE

Similarly, we consider the following to be inherent ECM verbs in Icelandic:

BIÐJA, GERA, HAFA, HEYRA, LÁTA, LÁTAST, LÍTA, SJÁ

Note that BJÓÐA 'command, invite' is not an inherent ECM verb.

BIÐJA

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR-N Gissur-gissur))
	  (VBDI bað-biðja)
	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
		  (NP-OB1 (D-A það-sá) (N-A óp-óp))
		  (NEG eigi-ekki)
		  (VB leggja-leggja))))

In BIÐJA EINHVERN UM AÐ ... and BIÐJA EINHVERN TIL AÐ ..., the NP einhvern 'someone' is in spec,PP (see FRONTING TO SPEC,PP):

	  (IP-INF-PRN-1 (TO að)
			(VB biðja)
			(PP (NP-2 (NPR-A Björn)
				  (NP-PRN (N-A biskup)))
			    (P til)
			    (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *ICH*-2)
				    (TO að)
				    (DO gera)
				    (NP-OB1 (NS-A vígslur))
				    (PP (P á)
					(NP (NPR-D alþingi))))))))

GERA

	  (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-LFD (D-N Sá-sá)
			      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
				      (C 0)
				      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
					      (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO-A mig-ég))
						      (ADJ-A heilan-heill))
					      (DODI gjörði-gera))))

SJÁ

( (IP-MAT (CONJ Og-og)
	  (NP-SBJ (PRO-N hann-hann))
	  (VBDI sá-sjá)
	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D-A inn-hinn) (ADJ-A helga-helgur) (N-A anda-andi))
		  (VB koma-koma)
		  (PP (P yfir-yfir)
		      (NP (PRO-A hann-hann)))
		  (PP (P í-í)
		      (NP (NP-POS (N-G dúfu-dúfa))
			  (N-D líki-líki))))

LÍTA

Meaning SJÁ 'see'

( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og)
	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
	  (VBDI leit-líta)
	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (NPR-A Jesúm-jesú))
		  (VB standa-standa)
		  (ADVP-LOC (ADV þar-þar)))))

LÁTA

( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og)
	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
	  (VBDI lét-láta)
	  (ADVP (ADV svo-svo))
	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
		  (VB steypa-steypa)
		  (NP-OB1 (NP-POS (PRO-G þeirra-hann))
			  (NS-A myndir-mynd))
		  (PP (P til-til)
		      (NP (N-G minningar-minning))))
	  (. ,-,))
  (ID 1628.OLAFUREGILS.BIO-TRA,.510))

LÁTAST

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (N-N Klængur-klængur))
	  (VBDI lést-látast)
	  (IP-INF     (NP-SBJ *arb*)
		      (NP-OB1 (PRO-A það-það))
		      (ADVP (ADV gjarna-gjarna))
		      (VB vilja-vilja))
	  (. .-.)))

Conjoined subjects on the IP-INF level

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR-N Reginbald-reginbaldur))
	  (VBDI bað-biðja)
	  (IP-INF (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO-A hann-hann))
			  (BE vera-vera)
			  (ADVP (ADV vel-vel))
			  (VBN kominn-koma))
		  (CONJP (CONJ og-og)
			 (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *con*)
				 (VB hvílast-hvíla)
				 (ADVP-LOC (ADV þar-þar))))
		  (CONJP (CONJ og-og)
			 (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *con*)
				 (VB segja-segja)
				 (NP-OB2 (PRO-D þeim-það))
				 (NP-OB1 (NS-A tíðindi-tíðindi)))))
	  (. .-.)))

Non-inherent ECM verbs

For a representative list in the PPCEME documentation, see here.

For discussion on ECM vs. object control in our documentation, see here.

SEGJA

The postverbal NP is usually treated as an object for this verb, but in the following example it is treated as the subject of the infinitive because the IP-INF is headed by a copular verb, VERÐA.

( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og)
	  (VBDI sögðu-segja)
	  (NP-SBJ (NS-N menn-maður))
	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (NPR-A Indriða-indriði))
		  (ADJP (ADJ-A fésælan-fésælan))
		  (RD verða-verða)
		  (MD mundu-munu))
	  (. ;-;))
  (ID PILTUR,.114))

A note on SEGJAST

Since SEGJA is a non inherent ECM verb, SEGJAST is *not* treated as introducing an IP-INF with an arbitrary subject.

KVEÐA

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR-N Sturla-sturla))
	  (VBDI kvað-kveða)
	  (NP-OB1 (PRO-A hann-hann))
	  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 (PRO-A það-það))
		  (NEG eigi-ekki)
		  (MDDS mundu-munu)
		  (VB vita-vita))
	  (. .-.))
  (ID 12XX.STURLUNGA.NAR-SAG,398.342))

A note on KVEÐAST

Since KVEÐA is a non inherent ECM verb, KVEÐAST is *not* treated as introducing an IP-INF with an arbitrary subject. Thus, it is parsed like this:

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ *con*)
	  (VBPI kveðst-kveða)
	  (IP-INF (HV hafa-hafa)
		  (NP-OB1 (N-A bréf-bréf)
			  (NP-POS (N-G biskups-biskup)))))
  (ID 12XX.STURLUNGA.NAR-SAG,444.1984))

HALDA

	  (IP-IMP-SPE (PP-LFD (P Ef-ef)
			      (CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
					  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N þér-þú))
						      (VBPI haldið-halda)
						      (IP-INF-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-A mig-ég))
								  (VAN-A trúaða-trúaður)
								  (BE vera-vera)
								  (PP (P í-í)
								      (NP (NPR-D Drottni-drottinn)))))))
		      (, ,-,)
		      (ADVP-RSP (ADV þá-þá))
		      (VBI gangið-ganga)
		      (PP (RP inn-inn)
			  (P í-í)
			  (NP (NP-POS (PRO-A mitt-minn))
			      (N-A hús-hús))))

ÆTLA

	      (PP (P þótt-þótt)
		  (CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N ég-ég))
					  (VBPI ætla-ætla)
					  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO-A það-það))
						  (ADVP (ADVR síður-síður))
						  (BE vera-vera)
						  (MD munu-munu)))))
	      (. .-.))